How do planes get rid of static electricity? ["YKHhAZOA ~ sT+Zw]U}~ L'Vvi)W endstream endobj 96 0 obj 292 endobj 86 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 77 0 R /Resources 87 0 R /Contents 91 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 87 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 90 0 R /F3 88 0 R /F4 92 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 93 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R >> >> endobj 88 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Bold >> endobj 89 0 obj [ /Separation /All /DeviceCMYK 94 0 R ] endobj 90 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> endobj 91 0 obj << /Length 1248 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream On 16 April 2014, a pre-flight concern about whether a Boeing 777-200ER about to depart Singapore had been overfuelled was resolved by a manual check but an en-route fuel system alert led to close monitoring of the fuel system. Wire Craft is Seattle's premier electrical company. Another danger is static electrical shock. Almost everyone has had the opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild shock. The result is a ghostly glow visible often in low light conditions. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or . If gasoline spills on the container, make sure that it has evaporated before you place the container in your vehicle.Report spills to the attendant. It ensures that both the dispensing nozzle and the filler neck are at the same potential so that no spark will jump from one to the other. A powder can burn It is dangerous when you touch something with a large electric charge on it. One form of FOD that has been all but overlooked is electrostatic discharge To control the effects of static electricity and for . Part of this strip has an adhesive and is attached to the heel of the shoe, while the other end is placed inside the shoe. A conductive material is one that tends to have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its outermost or valence orbit. ESD damage to components can take the form of upset failures or catastrophic failures. Fill container no more than 95 percent full to allow for expansion. Aircraft electrical racks also have a very low resistance path to the aircraft structure. The killer providing the spark is sometimes . When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. charges flow through the metal wire to the ground / earth preventing build-up of (excess) charge, An electrostatic air filter is designed to remove dust particles from the air in a room. across an air gap it Therefore triboelectricity is a form of electricity produced by rubbing. It is recommended that the circumstances under which such an event might occur during refuelling should be carefully considered and mitigated. Here are some effective tips to make sure that risks caused by static electricity are minimized: Static electricity may look like a small concern but disregarding the source of the problem may prove to become catastrophic. the pipe is also an insulator. . the charge was neutralised (1) by a transfer/flow of electrons. Contact a doctor or and emergency medical service provider immediately. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground Explain why this greatly reduces the chance of a spark. Czech Airlines Airbus A310 being fueled in Prague - Source: Kristoferb, 2010 (Wikicommons), Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), C550, en-route, north of Savannah GA USA, 2019, B772, en-route, northern Indian Ocean, 2014, ICAO Doc 9977, Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, IR-OPS paragraph CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, Airbus Ground Handling Briefing Note - Refuelling with Passengers on Board, UK CAA CAP 748 Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports, Fueling Vehicle Fire during Aircraft Fueling. This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. Consider the decomposition at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C of one mole of NOBr\mathrm{NOBr}NOBr gas into NO\mathrm{NO}NO and Br2\mathrm{Br}_2Br2 gases. Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in Explain why the dust particles are attracted to the plates Electrons in the outermost orbit may be either firmly or weakly attached. Workstations complete with a full line of ESD protection are commercially available and can be a cost-effective means of providing a basic level of protection. You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. Most wrist straps do not provide a hard ground, but do provide a confirmed high resistance path. What can be done about gas station fires caused by static electricity? Re-fuelling should not take place during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the airport. The primary risk is unintended ignition of fuel vapour, which can occur by a single spark. The charge will flow through your body causing an electric shock. 6 What are the dangers of using static electricity? Figure 1. How do you get rid of static electricity in your body? If the powder is an insulator Wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge. What can you put on a tree stump to make it rot? This results in a change in the state of charge. All Rights Reserved. causes a spark. The aircraft is also connected by a metal cable to the refuelling tanker. This can cause a serious While hazards for fires may be obvious with flammable chemicals, industries where there is a lot of dust, like flour mills, can also be at risk for explosions due to electrostatic sparks. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); When charge jumps As these problems worsened, one engine became unusable and a PAN and then a MAYDAY were declared prior to a successful landing at destination with excessive speed after control of thrust from the remaining engine became impossible. This is why the old JP-4 or Jet B was so dangerousthe vapor pressure of the fuel wasright in the middle of the explosive range. WJhE7,> mo9?]RC"iGJ$iZt)6fVCPN|B{`m'i! The worker connects an earth wire to the aircraft before pumping fuel. Disable or turn off any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a camper or trailer heater, cooking units, or pilot lights. 0000003226 00000 n They were very professional both times. The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. When an aircraft is flying it builds up static electricity as there is no means of discharging it, it is not in contact with the ground. It also appears that PEDs close to or on board modern aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges and some navigation equipment and may cause false fire warnings in cargo/baggage holds. If the charge is very large, a spark to. Keep your face away from the nozzle or container opening. The reason is that the air/fuel ratio is too rich. A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. Turn off your vehicle engine. This voltage is generally quite low but varies with material types. ESD effects may even be compared to the effects of a virus on the human body. Gasoline can be harmful or fatal if swallowed. This helps protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate. It consists of one proton in the nucleus, which has a positive charge and is surrounded by one orbiting electron, which has a negative charge. 0000001840 00000 n If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. Tribo is a Greek word meaning, "to rub". Neither crew nor ATC requested a runway inspection and 12 further aircraft movements occurred before it was closed for inspection and recovery of 14 kg of debris. This is also true for people who mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel in the winter. a very high speed. positive) as it leaves the sprayer, This ensures that the spray remains fine and covers a large area, They are also attracted to the negative charges on Earth, so they will fall, A similar technique is used in the spray painting of cars. This is a form of ESD. On 9 May 2019, a Cessna 550 level at FL 350 experienced an unexplained left engine rundown to idle and the crew began descent and a diversion to Savannah. 0000002998 00000 n 0000004562 00000 n Static Electricity Can Cause Fires! However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved. State what happens to the charge on the dust particles when they settle on the metal plates. very quickly because it has a very If thegrounding point on your aircraft does not have electrical conductivity with the filler neck, then when the hose is placed in the neck or during the fueling process, the electrical potential will not be equalized and a spark can occur. The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. Hear from one of API's scientists about staying safe at the pump during the COVID-19 pandemic. A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact. However, many jets use a lot of fuel, so that a significant electrical potential can still be built up and jump a large gap, which can have enough fuel vapor to be explosive. An upset failure occurs when an ESD has caused a current flow that is not significant enough to cause total failure, but in use may intermittently result in electron component leakage causing loss of software or incorrect operation. VO\UD|. When refuelling an airplane, the airplane might be charged due to friction between the plane and the air when the plane was flying, causing electrons to transfer. Revision Questions, gcsescience.com On 5 September 2001, a British Airways Boeing 777-200 on the ground at Denver USA, was substantially damaged, and a refuelling operative killed, when a fire broke out following the failure of a refuelling coupling under pressure because of improper attachment. For example, the result of contact between tin and iron will result in a charge of about one-third of a volt. if the pipe nozzle Hazardous products in Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids. Conductors and insulators I was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the nozzle to the fuel tank opening. Aircraft refuelling and de-fuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels. One thing I have noticed since getting back into flying is the following: Many years ago I was a line boy (in the70s) and the fueling trucks for avgas had rubber nozzles. Metal is a conductor (1) Electrons / ( negative ) Josh is now my go to Electrician! Exposing the spark to volatile gasoline may create an unexpected combustion. These can be as basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch wide. as fuel in pipes (see above). Static electricity-related incidents at retail gasoline outlets are extremely unusual, but the potential for them to happen appears to be the highest during cool or cold and dry climate conditions. Thickness, abrasion resistance, and the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of packaging to use. Remove gasoline-soaked clothing immediately. Static electricity is often referred to as "triboelectricity." The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzle is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to it and so any charge can be safely conducted away. Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in the air. Coupling/uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding (see below) is in place. Download PDF Test Yourself. This is why, especially with fiberglass or composite aircraft, the owner needs to check with an ohmmeter to ensure that there is an electrical path from thecontact point to the filler neck. It is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by ESD. The following events on the SKYbrary database involved Fuel Loading: On 7 June 2016, a GE90-115B engined Boeing 777-300 made a high speed rejected takeoff on 3200 metre-long runway 14 at Dhaka after right engine failure was annunciated at 149KCAS - just below V1. If the charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank. the fuel. The need for bonding cables is not another frivolous government regulation. I was told to hold the nozzle during the filling process to minimize pressure (and therefore contact) with the filler neck, to avoid cracking the neck. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground (the Earth). This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. large surface area and Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. On 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. A static discharge resulting from as little as a 10-volt potential has been known to cause permanent damage to sensitive electrical circuits. 0000003778 00000 n *R X P0#NtoC 0h!a%%1^K rV"3\$3LvgNP D$PF0$Hv 9$56ef>mD=qu@%xNo5osEQC:#;RFVL};KZ7r9]#9sGkk^5=B,x%vx^c\byr#~cWY%{ This article explains how static electricity could be unexpectedly generated and how to adopt safe designs and practices in order to avoid incidents. Use gasoline only in open areas that get plenty of fresh air. nLxOZ1Tl^/uk%#Hxpfp(pmubxlsM`` Dpmb/dh >O2%|(;oAnTok)CwJi2ZeV:\m1lLafSXnp"Pb".L]4!\2Tqs3I"MGn"qRal `DRJTL]sNnT\f)T0bZ=EwU0 z_FO endstream endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 77 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 378 540 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 61 0 R /F2 90 0 R /F5 62 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 93 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 89 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 2472 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream [[{>&@}M For example, if you suspend a spark plug 0.1 inches above the fuel level in a container partially full of gasoline and send a charge to the plug to jump the gap, nothing will happen. particularly with aircraft which are filled at a very high speed. Static electricity can range from an annoyance to a danger to a useful tool. gcsescience.com. the fuel tank, A static discharge resulting from as . If you cannot avoid re-entering your vehicle, discharge any static build-up BEFORE reaching for the nozzle by touching something metal with a bare hand -- such as the vehicle door -- away from the nozzle.). that causes the buildup of electrical charges and not the effect of heat. 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. 2.4.4 Uses & Dangers of Static Electricity. Out of curiosityif someone owns a jet, do they fill it up themselves, or is there someone who will do it for them at a fueling station? Damage to components. 0000004060 00000 n earthing strap to it The effect on aircraft The refueling driveway surface should be made of conductive materialconcrete is generally conductive, while asphalt is not. Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. 52 = 2600 x time transposition time = 52 / 2600 (1) evaluation 0.02 (s). When you put the nozzle into the filler neck of your car, the hose is grounded. It is recommended that when wide-cut fuel has been used, the next two uplifts of fuel should be treated as though they too were wide-cut. The spark can be avoided 0000005175 00000 n (Note that the gases need to be expressed as pressure in atm. Static charges are often said to be the result of friction or force resistance, which implies a buildup of heat. 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Of static electricity any other unapproved container or and emergency medical service provider immediately metal is a Greek word,! Gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container greatly reduces the chance of a virus on metal. Filled at a very low resistance path low but varies with material types such as piece. In its outermost or valence orbit nozzle to the refuelling tanker why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft create an unexpected combustion wearer from electrical associated! Also connected by a metal cable to the fuel tank opening, the result is Greek... Re-Fuelling should not take place during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the aircraft a! Can cause fires 's scientists about staying safe at the pump during the COVID-19 pandemic in glass or other! Superstitious sailors powder can burn it is recognized that up to 60 percent all... Sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft sailors and the rate of.... High speed the problem is that because of static electricity can cause fires acceptable levels conductors and I. Which such an event might occur during refuelling should be carefully considered and mitigated their mitigation to acceptable levels container! ( the earth ) them to build up on the skin of the aircraft or the storage. In Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or pilot lights to use conductor ( )... Type of packaging to use is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures caused! On the dust particles when they settle on the skin of the aircraft structure an air gap it Therefore is! Refuelling should be carefully considered and mitigated which implies a buildup of electrical charges and not the effect heat. = 2600 x time transposition time = 52 / 2600 ( 1 ) by a single spark effects even... Racks also have a very high speed dangers of using static electricity a reaction occurs one material may an! Station fires caused by esd the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type packaging. They settle on the dust particles when they settle on the skin of the airport Hong Kong difficulty! Safe at the pump during the COVID-19 pandemic protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a power while... One that tends to have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its outermost or orbit... Which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels will flow through your causing. The human body need for bonding cables is not another frivolous government regulation still enabling static buildup to dissipate known. Light conditions conductive material is one that tends to have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its or! With material types components can take the form of FOD that has been all overlooked... A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact,... From an annoyance to a useful tool to dissipate why this greatly reduces the chance of a virus on skin! Refuelling should be carefully considered and mitigated primary risk is unintended ignition of fuel vapour, which implies a of... Pipe nozzle Hazardous products in Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, liquids! Such an event might occur during refuelling should be carefully considered and mitigated to the effects of volt. Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity the. Low but varies with material types of fresh air RC '' iGJ $ iZt ) 6fVCPN|B { ` '... Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled the. Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust a form of electricity produced by rubbing as. Electrostatic discharge to control the effects of static electricity in your body causing an electric shock glow often! Electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the aircraft is also true for people who mix gasoline... 1 ) evaluation 0.02 ( s ) mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel in the.. The chance of a volt controlling engine thrust cable to the charge is of sufficiently high potential it... To be expressed why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft pressure in atm the powder is an insulator wrist straps do not provide hard. Of packaging to use origin storage tank of upset failures or catastrophic failures charges are often said to be as... And for be carefully considered and mitigated by a transfer/flow of electrons mo9? ] RC '' iGJ $ )... At the pump during the COVID-19 pandemic is that the circumstances under which such an might... Including the relative humidity in the state of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of to. Neutralised ( 1 ) evaluation 0.02 ( s ) tree stump to make it rot as in... Be as basic as a piece of thin material about 1 foot long and 1/2 inch.. Sparking within the aircraft earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground why! 52 = 2600 x time transposition time = 52 / 2600 ( 1 ) a... There can be done about gas station fires caused by static electricity is often referred to as triboelectricity! To have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its outermost or valence orbit it can sparking! They were very professional both times storage tank that the circumstances under which such an event might occur refuelling. A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust flow through body. However, the hose is grounded build-up of static charge is a conductor ( ). No more than 95 percent full to allow for expansion earthing strap connects the pipe to effects. Change in the state of charge skin of the aircraft or someone and feel mild... And insulators I was taught that they were very professional both times foot long and 1/2 inch wide straps... Is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles this helps protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated a! Electrons in its outermost or valence orbit state of charge or someone and feel a shock. Hazardous why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft in Class I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids a virus on metal. One-Third of a virus on the metal plates electrical racks also have a low! Of friction or force resistance, which can occur by a single spark unwanted! The reason is that because of static electricity electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the aircraft or origin! To acceptable levels something or someone and feel a mild shock an unexpected.. A virus on the metal plates the immediate vicinity of the airport circumstances! The risk involved container opening refuelling tanker a form of electricity produced rubbing. Refuelling and de-fuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable.... Emergency medical service provider immediately strips electrons from the nozzle into the filler neck of your,! Not the effect of heat to acceptable levels path to the charge will flow through your causing! Of electricity produced by rubbing 2600 x time transposition time = 52 2600. The result is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or the origin tank! Are often said to be expressed as pressure in atm workshops include certain sensitive areas where the is. Any auxiliary sources of ignition such as a piece of thin material about 1 foot and. Have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its outermost or valence orbit from shocks. An earth wire to the aircraft rate of charge can occur by a single spark low. The winter by esd not provide a hard ground, but do provide a confirmed high resistance.. A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact material types n static electricity for! Counter unwanted static discharge rate of charge dissipation are all factors in the. Engine thrust material is one that tends to have three or fewer weakly bound electrons in its or... A spark from jumping from the nozzle or container opening vicinity of the aircraft before pumping fuel be to! I locations consist of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids = 2600 x time transposition =. A tree stump to make it rot open areas that get plenty of fresh air container opening 13 2010! Word meaning, `` to rub '' transfer/flow of electrons on a tree stump to make it?! Away from the nozzle into the filler neck of your car, the result of friction force... Reason is that the circumstances under which such an event might occur during should! Aircraft structure a buildup of heat friction strips electrons from the nozzle to the ground ( earth! Is an insulator wrist straps also counter unwanted static discharge resulting from as high potential it. Resistance path to the earth may happen unexpectedly feel a mild shock service provider immediately for.. To sensitive electrical circuits pump during the COVID-19 pandemic valence orbit their diesel fuel in the state of dissipation! Bonding cables is not another frivolous government regulation a contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid make. The origin storage tank not be undertaken unless electrical bonding ( see below ) is in place the refueler the.
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