Inc/Alamy, Getty ImagesThe Ogilvy Tiara vs. I have been doing the Royal Musings and Royal Book News blogs since 2008. I do not have a paywall or charge for reading articles. Anthony Della Villa and the Rev. You can, however, provide a link to the blog or to a post on the blog. Jakob Fugger der Reiche wurde 1514 zum Reichsgrafen erhoben; sein Neffe und Nachfolger als Firmenchef, Anton Fugger, stieg 1530 ebenfalls zum Reichsgrafen auf; 1538 erwarb er das seit 1237 existierende Schloss Babenhausen samt zugehriger Herrschaft und lie es 1541 vllig umbauen. Eventually, he was forced to renounce the Maestrazgo lease after 1542 and to give up the silver mines of Guadalcanal. Wife of Frst Heinrich Ludwig Hubertus Heinrich 5. They had no children, but this marriage gave Jakob the opportunity to elevate to Grand Burgher of Augsburg and later allowed him to pursue a seat on the city council (Stadtrat) of Augsburg. The founder of the family was Hans Fugger, a weaver at Graben, near the Swabian Free City of Augsburg. Immediate Family: Daughter of Karl, V. Frst Fugger von Babenhausen and Prinzessin Eleonora von Fugger-Babenhausen. Please credit Marlene A Koenig and Royal Musings. Frst Fugger von Babenhausen and Private Brother of Franziska Grfin Fugger von Babenhausen; Leopold Graf Fugger von Babenhausen; Anastasia Jasmin Katharina Maria Grfin Fugger von Babenhausen and Nikolaus Fugger von Babenhausen. Jakob leased the copper mines in Besztercebnya in the Kingdom of Hungary (today Bansk Bystrica, Slovakia) in 1495, eventually making them the greatest mining centre of the time. I am happy to announce my forthcoming book My Dear Mama published by Anton was born in 1493, married Anna Rehlinger, and died in 1560. Hier knnen Sie Inhalte sammeln, auswhlen und Anmerkungen zu Ihren Dateien hinterlegen. The burial chapel of the Fuggers in St. Anne's Church, Augsburg of 1509 is the earliest example of Renaissance architecture in Germany. I guess he is doing it with Prince Hubertus who is married to "our" princes's sister. Managed by: Private User Last Updated: October 5, 2021 Franziska is married to an Argentinian soccer player. Just click on the Buy Now link for purchase. Profitieren Sie von der globalen Reichweite, datengesttzten Erkenntnissen und einem Netzwerk von ber 340.000 Content-Anbietern von Getty Images, die exklusiv fr Ihre Marke Inhalte erstellen. 2023 Getty Images. 1908-1915 child of Karl 1861-1925 part 2: Helene : 1914-1979 child of Georg 1889-1934 part 2: Friedrich Carl X 1942 Gunilla countess Bielke 1919-2015: their grave(s) in the Friedhof, Babenhausen/Schwaben. I also consult books and other materials in my personal library. was also the mother of The Kangxi Emperor. It's time for a British royal tiara showdown!Everett Collection I believe there are/were two other branches - Fugger von Gloett, and Fugger of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn. I was wondering why Hubertus is Frst while he has an elder brother who married a Princess de Polignac. 2023 Getty Images. Gabriella's father is the Managing Director atButler Capital Partners. 1944), Hereditary Prince Leopold (b. Cran Stoudemire and Dora-BeatrizCorts Gelpi were married on May 8, 1982, in an ecumenical service at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. Ils Are they still extant? info@fugger.de, Alexander Erbgraf Fugger-Babenhausen, Vertreter des Hauses im Seniorat der Fuggerschen Stiftungen, Hubertus Frst Fugger-Babenhausen, Chef des Hauses der Linie Fugger-Babenhausen, Schloss Babenhausen, goldener Salon und Durchblick Ahnensaal, Das Fuggerhaus in der Maximilianstrae, Augsburg. 1957), m. 1983 Princess Miriam of, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 13:30. I wrote this piece some years ago for Royalty Digest, and now again available. I become very frugal in what I take for myself., referring to the family business. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Thus began a very profitable relationship between the Fugger family and the Habsburgs. [3][4] He married Klara Widolf and became an Augsburg citizen. The branch Fugger von Gltt, descendants of Johann Ernst, a great-grandson of Anton, was elevated to the rank of a Bavarian prince in 1914 with Carl Ernst Frst Fugger von Gltt; the branch ended in the male line with his son Joseph-Ernst Frst Fugger von Gltt (18951981), husband of Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern (1895-1975), his estate including the castle at Kirchheim in Schwaben (acquired in 1551 by Anton Fugger) being inherited by his sister Maria's (18941935) son, Albert Count von Arco-Zinneberg (b. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Frstliche Huser XIV. Hubertus Viktor Frst Fugger-Babenhausen (* 1946), aktueller Chef des Hauses Fugger-Babenhausen. It is still used today. She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Georgetown University in 2010, where she received a BA in Art History, Psychology, and Spanish. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. The Royal House of Prussia and Princely House of Hohenzollern, http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/fugger.html, http://www.gen.heinz-wember.de/fugger/Anton1493.htm, http://worldroots.com/brigitte/gifs4ringwedd13.jpg, http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/geid,4498.html, Wealth of The German Royal/Princely Houses, Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Stiftungs-Administration, Fuggerei 56 one of the wealthiest people ever to have lived, Oettingen-Oettingen und Oettingen-Spielberg, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Oriental Rugs & Oriental Carpets Dilmaghani", "History of Banking, 1487 The Fuggers and the Archduke", "In This Picturesque Village, the Rent Hasn't Been Raised Since 1520", "Opinion: 7 money-making lessons from the richest man who ever lived", "Search for lost sea containers leads to discovery of 16th-century Dutch shipwreck", "Dutch container search reveals rare ancient shipwreck", "Dutch container search reveals rare ancient shipwreck CNA", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fugger_family&oldid=1140306290, States and territories established in 1507, 1507 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire, States and territories disestablished in 1806, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles needing additional references from April 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Hans (I.) C.A. Das Getty Images Design ist eine eingetragene Marke von Getty Images. The comital branch Fugger von Kirchberg und zu Weissenhorn is today represented by countess Maria-Elisabeth von Thun und Hohenstein, ne countess Fugger, heiress of Kirchberg Castle at Illerkirchberg (bought in 1507 by Jakob Fugger). With few exceptions, these houses were those whose . (Photo by Gisela Schober/Getty Images), 3456 x 5184 px (29.29 x 43.93 in) - 118 dpi - 7 MB. All materials contained on this site are protected by United States copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed or published without the prior approval of Marlene A. Koenig. The Hereditary Count is theManaging Director of Frst Fugger Central Administration, whichis headquartered at Schloss Wellenburg. Alongside the Welser family, the Fugger family controlled much of the European economy in the sixteenth century and accumulated enormous wealth. Father of Private; Private; Private and Private. Or just drop me a note to let me know what you think of this blog. Pinterest. [13] The formerly rich yield of the Tirolean and Hungarian mines decreased, but Anton established new trade ties with Peru and Chile and started mining ventures in Sweden and Norway. This was the beginning of an extensive family involvement in mining and precious metals. For other uses of the term, see, (Mediatized) Princes of Fugger-Babenhausen (1803). Pinnwnde sind ideal zum Speichern von Bildern und Videoclips. Select from premium Hubertus Fugger Babenhausen of the highest quality. Copper plates with emblem of the Fugger family were found in the ship built around 1540 in the Netherlands during the reign of Charles V.[16][17][18], Christoph Fugger, by Christoph Amberger, 1541. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. The present head of this branch is Prince Hubertus Fugger von Babenhausen who owns Jakob the Rich's former business seat, the Fuggerhuser in Augsburg, as well as nearby Wellenburg Castle and the castle at Babenhausen, Bavaria (purchased by Anton Fugger in 1539 and today housing a museum on the family history); he is also co-owner . Ulrich died in 1510. The Stoudemire family has roots in North Carolina. He died in 1469. Have a question you want answered? Das ursprnglich dem Handwerker- und dann Kaufmannsstand entstammende schwbische Geschlecht stieg mit Jakob . After hard times under Anton's nephew and successor Johann Jakob, Anton's oldest son, Markus, carried on the business successfully, earning some 50,000,000 ducats between 1563 and 1641 from the production of mercury at Almadn alone, but the Fugger company was completely dissolved after the Thirty Years' War when Leopold Fugger returned the mines in Tyrol to the Habsburgs in 1657. Today, he is considered to be one of the wealthiest people ever to have lived, with an GDP-adjusted net worth of over $400 billion, and approximately 2% of the entire GDP of Europe at the time. Frst von Hanau Graf von Schaumburg. Prince Hubertus Fugger von Babenhausen and Artist Mauro Bergonzoli during the exhibition opening "Magic Rococo" by Artist Mauro Bergonzoli at Museum Schaezlerpalais on February 10, 2022 in Augsburg,. info@fugger.de, Frstlich und Grflich Fuggersche Optimieren Sie Ihren Workflow mit unserem erstklassigen Digitalen Asset Management System. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, Nov 23 1946 - Augsburg, Bavarian Swabia, Bavaria, Germany (Deutschland), Friedrich Karl Georg Maria Carl 7th Frst Fugger-babenhausen (Fugger), Gunilla Maria Birgitta Fugger-babenhausen (Fugger) (geb. A year later, she then earned a MA in Contemporary Art at Sotheby's Institute of Art. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. Alexander Fugger-Babenhausen, Artist Mauro Bergonzoli, Franziska Fugger-Babenhausen, Hubertus Viktor Fugger-Babenhausen, Alexandra Fugger-Babenhausen. Herbertus Victor and Alexandra Pia Notgera were also married in a religious ceremony on 22 October 1977. I just might do an entry! 273 Princess Fugger Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 273 Princess Fugger Premium High Res Photos Browse 273 princess fugger stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Brother of Franziska Grfin Fugger von Babenhausen; Alexander Erbgraf Fugger von Babenhausen; Anastasia Jasmin . Isabel of Portugal on November 10, 1433, at Dijon, Burgundy. In every decision we make for the Fuggerei, we try to consider that and be prudent. The Corts family has been making chocolate since 1929. While the company was dissolved in 1657, the Fuggers remained wealthy landowners and ruled the County of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn. Frst Fugger von Babenhausen and Gunilla, Countess Bielke (German). Mit der Rheinbundakte 1806 kam das Frstentum als Standesherrschaft dann zum Knigreich Bayern. Nachricht senden. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Hubertus, prince Fugger von Babenhausen Hubertus, Frst Fugger von Babenhausen * Augsburg, Augsburg, 23.11.1946. They also run theFundacin Corts, a "private non-profit organization that, through art and humanities, seeks to promote the strengthening of the values of our people." Augsburg based family of European bankers, This article is about the merchant family of Augsburg. This article is about the merchant family of Augsburg. - Handelt es sich beim Hause Fugger Babenhausen lediglich um ein 'Bonsai-Frstentum'?, fragte Frst Hubertus am Samstag bei der Erffnung der Jubilumsfeierlichkeiten zum 200. (Photo by Gisela Schober/Getty Images), 3456 x 5184 px (11.52 x 17.28 in) - 300 dpi - 6 MB. This banking family replaced the Medici family, who influenced all of Europe during the Renaissance. Leopold Fugger von Babenhausen (hereditary Graf) will marry Annina Kammer this summer. Das Schloss Babenhausen ist Privatbesitz. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Zuletzt bearbeitet am 16. She is also known as Nora Fugger in her autobiography. lactualit, en tant que nouveau chef de la famille royale de Grce. He added the business of a merchant to that of a weaver. She also heads the charitable family foundations including the Fuggerei in Augsburg and Welden monastery. The Fuggers took over many of the Medicis' assets and their political power and influence. News and commentary about the reigning royal houses of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Spain, Monaco -- and the former European monarchies as well. Frst Fugger von Babenhausen and Private. Ulrich's youngest brother Jakob Fugger, born in 1459, was to become the most famous member of the dynasty. He was born in Augsburg on November 21, 1981. Hereditary Count Alexander Emanuel Josef Ernst Markus Maria Fugger von Babenhausen and Gabriella Beatriz Stoudemire have announced their engagement. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. 1932), whom he adopted, and who took on the name Fugger von Gltt. Augsburger Allgemeine has a portrait of Princess Gunilla Fugger for her 90th birthday. He died on February 22, 2023. Jakob was a master weaver, a merchant, and an alderman. 1916-1993 child of Georg 1889-1934 part 2: Marie Louise X 1940 Wilhelm von Hagen 1912-1945 : 1925-1992 child of . Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. He was the first reigning Count (and later Imperial Prince) of the Principality of Babenhausen, in what is now the Landkreis Unterallgu Life Early life. The Fugger von Babenhausen family owns "the Fuggerei, an affordable-housing complex founded by Jakob Fugger in 1521". Der Zweig Fugger von Babenhausen wurde 1803 in den Reichsfrstenstand erhoben. Birthplace: Augsburg, Bavarian Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. All the photos come from my personal collection, unless other noted. Send a message. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Jakob's eldest son, Ulrich, took over the business on his father's death, and in 1473 he provided new suits of clothes to Frederick, his son Maximilian I, and his suite on their journey to Trier to meet Charles the Bold of Burgundy and the betrothal of the young prince to Charles's daughter Maria. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Select from premium Hubertus Fugger Babenhausen of the highest quality. Search instead in. I knew that "our" prince of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Spielberg (I live in Oettingen) has had business interests in the US together with his in-laws but didn't know what these are. Mit unserem einfachen Abonnement erhalten Sie Zugriff auf die besten Inhalte von Getty Images. After Klara's death, he married Elizabeth Gattermann. Mother of Prinz Heinrich Karl von Hanau und Horowitz; Prinz Leopold . 269270, 303. Find Hubertus Fugger Babenhausen stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Presumably they are descended from the famous Jacob too? Marriages. Hubertus Frst Fugger-Babenhausen und Markus Graf Fugger-Babenhausen sind in ihm ebenso vertreten, wie bis zu seinem Tod Albert Graf Fugger von Gltt. Das ursprnglich dem Handwerker- und dann Kaufmannsstand entstammende schwbische Geschlecht stieg mit Jakob Fugger 1511 in den Adelsstand und 1514 in den Reichsgrafenstand auf. Genealogisches Handbuch des in Bayern immatrikulierten Adels, Band XXXIII, Hrsg. The family lore was that her father, Henry Harris Fudger, was a descendant of the Fuggers. 2 WEITER Oder starten Sie eine neue Suche, um noch mehr Stock-Fotografie und Bilder zu entdecken. Information only available for Geneall Plus. About Hubertus Viktor, VIII. Anselm Maria Frst Fugger von Babenhausen (1 July 1766 - 20 November 1821) was a German nobleman of the Fugger family. The House of Fugger (German pronunciation: [f]) is a German family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists. Babenhausen (fs). Orders for Grand Duke George and Princess Victoria Crown Prince Haakon at Arlington National Cemetery, The Princess of Orange reaches her majority, An interview with Princess Sophie of Romania, Harriet Johnston is a terrible "journalist". [2] He was too ambitious, however, and went bankrupt. Through May, I'm going to be celebrating the White Queen on the blog. Prince Philip Documentary will stream on Discovery Case closed for Juan Carlos' Saudi Money launderin PATRON SAINT DAY OF THE ROYAL FAMILY KARADJORDJEVIC. *The Telegraph* reports the death of acclaimed royal biographer, Philip At its peak his wealth is estimated to be 2% of Europe's GDP [11]. Birth of Anastasia Jasmin Katharina Maria Grfin Fug "Hubertus Viktor", "8.Frst Fugger von Babenhausen". Hans Fugger's younger son, Jakob the Elder, founded another branch of the family. Explore. 2023 Getty Images. When the Fuggers made their first loan to the Archduke Sigismund in 1487, they took as security an interest in silver and copper mines in the Tyrol. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Dora-Beatriz is one of the administrators ofCorts Hermanos LLC. Miss Stoudemire's mother was born in Puerto Rico. Feb 27, 2019 - Princess Alexandra and her husband Hubertus Viktor Fuerst Fugger-Babenhausen. Die Fugger sind ursprnglich ein schwbisches Kaufmannsgeschlecht, das seit der Einwanderung Hans Fuggers aus Graben im Jahr 1367 in der Reichsstadt Augsburg ansssig war. Thank you very much. Thanks. Alexander Fugger-Babenhausen during the Oktoberfest 2015 at Kaeferschaenke / Theresienwiese on Oktober 01, 2015 in Munich, Germany. Alexander Fugger-Babenhausen, Artist Mauro Bergonzoli, Franziska Fugger-Babenhausen, Hubertus Viktor Fugger-Babenhausen, Alexandra Fugger-Babenhausen. Jakob's aim was to establish a copper monopoly by opening foundries in Hohenkirchen and Fuggerau (named for the family, in Carinthia) and by expanding the sales organization in Europe, especially the Antwerp agency. With the help of their brother in Rome; Marx, Ulrich and his brother George handled remittances to the papal court of monies for the sale of indulgences and the procuring of Church benefices. Contemporary members of the Fugger of the Deer (German: Fugger vom Reh) are descendants of Matthus Fugger (14421489/92). Are they still extant? Peter James Lee, an Episcopalian priest, officiating. Mit dem Laden des Videos knnen personenbezogene Daten an den Drittanbieter bermittelt werden. You will find content from a third party here, which you can watch by clicking on it. She was born on November 3, 1987. Alexander, who graduated from Harvard University in 2005, told Bloomberg: Its not the fast-lived, dynamic sector that forces you to take high risks. He owned Simpsons department store in Toronto around 1920. I wanted to know more about the history of the Fugger Babenhausens. Herbertus Victor and Alexandra Pia Notgera were also married in a religious ceremony on 22 October 1977. http://www.fugger.de/singleview/article/die-linie-fugger-babenhause Geni requires JavaScript! 0821 319881-0 . Das Fuggerschloss Babenhausen ist heute noch im Besitz der Familie. Das Hauptportal der St. Sebastians-Kirche glich am Samstagmittag einer belagerten Festung. The Prince Fugger Central Administration has its headquarters at Wellenburg Castle. By 1523, 52 houses had been built, and the Fuggerei had come into existence. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Die Fugger-Babenhausen sind der letzte noch im Mannesstamm existierende Zweig der Fugger von der Lilie (mit dem Lilienwappen), einer fr ihren Geschftserfolg in der frhen Neuzeit bekannt gewordenen Linie der Familie Fugger aus Augsburg. Showing Editorial results for hubertus viktor fugger babenhausen. History [ edit] An dieser Stelle finden Sie Inhalte eines Drittanbieters, die Sie mit einem Klick anzeigen lassen knnen. Gabriella Stoudemire is the daughter of Sterling Cranford Stoudemire and Dora-Beatriz Corts Gelpi. Prince Hubertus Fugger von Babenhausen, Nagia El Sayed, Sigmund Gottlieb during the "In the Name of Mozart" fundraising night for music and the arts. Le prince hritier Pavlos a publi son premier communiqu en raction Son of Hubertus Viktor, VIII. [14][15], In April 2019, Dutch maritime investigators unearthed a 16th-century shipwreck during an exploration for container ship MSC Zoe which lost containers overboard in January 2019. Princess Eleonora Fugger von Babenhausen (October 4, 1864 in Bartenstein March 1, 1945 in Vienna) was an Austrian noblewoman, socialite and chronicler of the House of Fugger. Personal data may be transmitted to the third-party provider when the video is loaded. Feb 27, 2019 - Princess Alexandra and her husband Hubertus Viktor Fuerst Fugger-Babenhausen. Watch. [2] The present head of this branch is Prince Hubertus Fugger von Babenhausen who owns Jakob the Rich's former business seat, the Fuggerhuser in Augsburg, as well as nearby Wellenburg Castle and the castle at Babenhausen, Bavaria (purchased by Anton Fugger in 1539 and today housing a museum on the family history); he is also co-owner of a small private bank, the Frst Fugger Privatbank, in Augsburg. [2] The last name was originally spelled "Fucker" the first recorded reference to the family comes when Johann's son, also named Johann (or Hans), moves to Augsburg in 1367, with the local tax register laconically noting Fucker advenit, "Fugger has arrived". Stiftungs-Administration, Fuggerei 56 The wedding took place in the Lady Chapel with Rev. 1980); m. Annina Kammer, Count Johannes (b. No expectations or obligations when reading Royal Musings or Royal Book News - but if you enjoy either or both blogs, feel free to make a donation. May 14, 1980. The Fugger family itemized and inventoried a large number of Asian rugs, an unusual undertaking at the time. His fortune progressed, and by 1461, he was the twelfth richest man in Augsburg. Hereditary Count Alexander Emanuel Josef Ernst Markus Maria Fugger von Babenhausen and Gabriella Beatriz Stoudemire have announced their engagement. She works inStrategy & Partnerships at mHealth | ICT. Millionen hochwertiger Bilder, Videos und Musiktracks warten auf Sie. I devote a fair amount of time to the blog. Vor dem Hochaltar vermhlte Abt Vitalis Maier von Ottobeuren die Prinzessin mit Hubertus Victor Graf Fugger-Babenhausen (31). County of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn. Browse 114 alexandra fugger babenhausen stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Map of . His youngest son Jakob (1542-1598) became the progenitor of the Fugger-Babenhausen lineage. The Babenhausen estate was acquired in 1538 by Anton Fugger, who commissioned the new castle. No gossip allowed You can contact me at royalmusings at cox dot net. Frst Fugger-Babenhausen (Fugger). Empress Xiaokangzhang was the fourth Empress of The Shunzhi Emperor. Birth of Franziska Grfin Fugger von Babenhausen, Birth of Leopold Graf Fugger von Babenhausen, Birth of Alexander Erbgraf Fugger von Babenhausen. +49 821 319881-0 Brother of Private; Private; Private and Private, He succeeded to the title of 8th Frst von Babenhausen in 1979. married on 10 October 1977 at ttingen, Germany, in a civil marriage. Information only available for Geneall Plus. Frst Fugger von Babenhausen. 118 Hubertus Fugger Babenhausen Premium High Res Photos Browse 118 hubertus fugger babenhausen stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. His descendants served their cousins of the famous younger branch and later went to Silesia. Babenhausen, Alexander Emanuel Joseph Fugger Von Babenhausen, Anastasia Jasmin Katharina Fugger Von Babenhausen, Nikolaus Franz Anselm Fu Augsburg, Bavarian Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, Memmingen, Bavarian Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, Friedrich Karl, VII. I still have the Amazon adverts. 2023 Getty Images. He was involved in the slave trade from Africa to America, but was more successful in the spice trade and the importation of Hungarian cattle.
